Which major group of plant pathogens is NOT typically spread through vectors?

Fungi are typically not spread through vectors. They primarily reproduce and spread via spores, which can be dispersed by wind, water, or contact with infected plants. The mechanisms of fungal transmission are largely environmental, relying on conditions suitable for their growth and reproduction.

In contrast, viruses are often transmitted through plant vectors like insects, which feed on plants and introduce viral particles. Bacteria can also be spread by vectors, as they can be carried by insects or through soil and water. Nematodes, being microscopic worms, can move through soil or be transported by other organisms, but they can also be transferred through tools or on the surface of plants.

Understanding the methods of transmission for different types of plant pathogens is crucial for effective management and control in turf and landscape maintenance.